What’s the Link Between ADHD and Migraines?

Studies show that people with ADHD are at a higher risk for migraines — but why? Read more about the link between these conditions.

People with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are at a higher risk of experiencing migraines—and vice versa. But what’s behind this connection? Both migraine and ADHD are neurological conditions, but there are many differences. Migraines cause intense headaches, often accompanied by sensory disturbances, whereas ADHD is a mental health disorder characterized by symptoms like impulsivity and inattention. Despite their differences, research shows a strong relationship between these two conditions. Read on to learn more about this link. 

How are ADHD and migraines connected? A look at the data

Studies indicate a significant overlap between ADHD and migraine in both children and adults. This relationship appears to be bidirectional—people with ADHD are more likely to experience migraines, and those with migraines have a higher risk of ADHD.

For example, a 2018 study of over 26,000 participants found a strong correlation between migraine and both types of ADHD: inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity. The link was even stronger for those experiencing a migraine attack with aura, a condition that includes sensory disturbances like flashes of light or visual spots. 

Additionally, a 2011 study comparing ADHD patients to those without ADHD found higher rates of migraines in men and women with ADHD. The study also noted that people with migraines—whether they had ADHD or not—were more likely to experience mood and anxiety disorders. Interestingly, while chronic migraine is typically more common in women and ADHD is more prevalent in men, these conditions still frequently co-occur.

Why does ADHD increase migraine risk?

Although the exact cause of migraines remains unclear, research suggests that the brain’s dopamine system may play a role. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that helps regulate mood, motivation, and cognitive function.

Dopamine dysfunction has been linked to both migraine and ADHD. The 2018 study found that stimulating dopamine receptors could trigger migraine symptoms. Meanwhile, ADHD is commonly treated with stimulant medications that act on dopamine pathways.

However, the connection between migraine and ADHD is likely more complex than dopamine alone. Other contributing factors may include:

1. Genetics: Both conditions tend to run in families.
2. Psychiatric comorbidities: Migraine is often linked to anxiety disorder and mood disorders, which are also common in people with ADHD.
3. Stress: The daily challenges of managing ADHD symptoms—such as difficulty focusing, staying organized, or completing tasks—can lead to chronic stress, a well-known migraine trigger.

Common migraine triggers

Migraines can be triggered by various factors, including:

• Hormonal changes
• Medications
• High blood pressure
• Stress and anxiety
• Skipped meals or low blood sugar
• Dehydration
• Caffeine or alcohol
• Certain psychiatric disorders
• Chronic pain
• Sleep disorders or exhaustion
• Bright lights or loud noises
• Strenuous physical activity
• Foods high in tyramine (such as aged cheeses and processed meats)

Identifying and avoiding personal triggers can help reduce the frequency and intensity of migraine attacks.

Recognizing migraine symptoms

Migraine physical symptoms vary from person to person but often include:

• Severe, throbbing, or dull headaches
• Nausea or vomiting
• Extreme sensitivity to light, sound, or smells
• Fatigue
• Dizziness
• Visual disturbances, such as flashing lights or blind spots
• Tingling or numbness in the face or hands

Some people with migraines experience aura. Aura is usually a visual disturbance, often involving flashes of light, spots, zig-zag patterns, or temporary vision loss. It typically begins in the center of vision and gradually shifts to one side. In some cases, aura can also cause numbness, tingling sensations, or difficulties with speech. Migraine with aura, also known as “classic migraine,” has a notably strong association with ADHD.

Can ADHD medications affect migraines?

ADHD medications like Adderall and Ritalin, which are commonly prescribed for ADHD, can have mixed effects on migraines.

For some, stimulants may worsen or trigger migraines, possibly due to their impact on dopamine or their tendency to suppress appetite (as skipping meals is a known migraine headache trigger). However, others may find that stimulant medications improve their migraine symptoms, possibly by stabilizing dopamine levels in the brain.

Notably, migraines also occur in individuals with ADHD who do not take stimulants, suggesting that other factors contribute to the link between these conditions.

Treatment and prevention for migraines

Migraine treatment typically involves a combination of acute and preventive treatments.

• Acute treatments (for stopping a migraine once it starts), such as over-the-counter pain relievers, triptans, and prescription medications
• Preventive treatments (for reducing migraine frequency) such as beta-blockers, antidepressants, and lifestyle changes

If you have both ADHD and migraines, managing both conditions effectively can help improve your quality of life. Here are some key steps to consider:

1. Track your migraine triggers 

Keep a journal to identify patterns in your migraine attacks. Note factors such as diet, sleep, stress levels, weather changes, and medication use. Identifying your specific triggers can help you take preventive measures to reduce the frequency and severity of migraines.

2. Maintain a consistent routine

Aim for a regular sleep schedule by going to bed and waking up at the same time each day. Poor sleep can worsen both ADHD symptoms and migraine frequency. 

Also, try to eat balanced meals at consistent times to prevent blood sugar drops, which can trigger migraines. Avoid skipping meals, as hunger can lead to both migraines and difficulty concentrating.

Lastly, consider practicing relaxation techniques like mindfulness, deep breathing, or yoga. Managing stress can help prevent both migraine attacks and ADHD-related restlessness.

3. Consult with a professional

Consult a doctor about treatment options. A healthcare professional can help you explore different treatment strategies, which may include:

• Medication adjustments: Some ADHD medications can trigger migraines in certain individuals, while others may help reduce symptoms. A doctor can determine if a medication change is necessary.
• Migraine-specific treatments: Prescription or over-the-counter migraine medications, such as triptans, beta-blockers, or CGRP inhibitors, may help manage migraine symptoms.
• Therapeutic approaches: Behavioral therapy, biofeedback, or lifestyle modifications may be beneficial in managing both conditions.

By taking a proactive approach and working closely with a healthcare provider, you can develop a personalized plan to effectively manage ADHD and migraines together.

How Charlie Health can help

If you or a loved one are struggling with ADHD and migraines, Charlie Health is here to help. Charlie Health’s Virtual Intensive Outpatient Program (IOP) provides more than once-weekly mental health treatment for dealing with serious mental health conditions, including ADHD and migraines, childhood trauma, and more. Our expert clinicians incorporate evidence-based therapies into individual counseling, family therapy, and group sessions. With treatment, managing ADHD and migraines is possible. Fill out the form below or give us a call to start healing today.