Is ADHD Hereditary or Genetic? Here’s What Experts Say

ADHD research points to a strong genetic link. Here’s how you and your family can manage symptoms.

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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition that presents difficulties with attention, concentration, and impulse regulation. Previously thought to be limited to children, it is now recognized as affecting people throughout their entire lives.

If you’ve recently been diagnosed with ADHD or are struggling to manage symptoms, you’ve probably thought to yourself: Why me? ADHD is likely caused by a combination of factors, but research shows that genetics plays a key role in who develops the condition. Below, we delve into the science of ADHD genetics and how to cope if you or a family member are experiencing symptoms. 

Is ADHD genetic?

The exact cause of ADHD is unknown, but research points to a strong genetic component. One recent study even concluded that there’s “no doubt that DNA variants in genes or regulatory regions increase the risk for ADHD.”

Brooke Cortez, MSW, a Charlie Health Music Therapist, agrees with that sentiment. According to Cortez, “Research has shown that genetics play a significant role. Twin studies and family histories show strong genetic components to ADHD in families.” Cortez points to one study, in particular, which suggests there are both stable and dynamic genetic risk factors that influence ADHD. Stable genetic factors imply that the same genes are responsible for ADHD symptoms throughout childhood and adulthood, while dynamic factors indicate the onset of new genetic variants over time.

While we know ADHD risk is largely genetic, experts are still trying to understand why a specific gene, or candidate gene, is associated with ADHD traits. Even within a gene, there are genetic variants that can impact the development of the condition. Some estimates suggest there are more than 7,000 different genetic variants that can increase a person’s risk of ADHD. Many of these ADHD genetic variations are associated with brain development, research shows. For example, some studies relate to the production and transportation of dopamine, a neurotransmitter that plays an important role in focus, motivation, and reward. 

How to manage a family history of ADHD

People with a first-degree relative with ADHD, such as parents or siblings, are 9 times more likely to develop the condition than the general public, according to some estimates. Knowing this, you might be wondering what signs and symptoms of ADHD may mean for your family. 

“I strongly encourage families with children who show any signs/symptoms of ADHD to consult a medical professional. I have seen many parents shy away from confirming a diagnosis or acknowledging that their child may have these types of diagnoses,” says Cortez. “Just because there is a family history does not mean that each family member will have ADHD, so recognizing signs and symptoms is important,” she continues. 

If ADHD runs in your family, there are several steps you can take to support your child’s needs while remaining mindful of your own. 

As a parent of a child with ADHD

How to parent a child with ADHD.

1. Focus on social skills

Help your child improve their social skills, such as taking turns, listening to others, and understanding social cues. Peer modeling and role-playing are a few techniques that may improve social interactions. 

“In social situations, children may have a difficult time making and maintaining friendships due to impulsive behaviors. Increased agitation can also play a role in a child struggling socially with peers,” explains Cortez.

2. Consider your child’s behavior

“In children, we see impulsive behaviors that cause issues at school with learning and engaging appropriately and effectively in classroom activities,” says Cortez. “This can cause the child’s grades in school to be poor due to struggles with learning and focus.”

To address these concerns, take a parent training program that focuses on strategies for managing your child’s behavior. This may include positive reinforcement, consistent discipline, and better communication skills.

As a parent with ADHD

How to support your child if you yourself have ADHD.

1. Recognize your symptoms

Some parents, especially moms, may be living with undiagnosed and unmanaged ADHD. Receiving an ADHD diagnosis, no matter what your age, can help reduce stress and guilt and improve self-confidence.

2. Think about your strengths

Adult ADHD can certainly create challenges, but learning how to optimize your strengths can help you create order and structure in your life. For example, maybe you’re a real people person, or you know how to think outside the box.

Other common ADHD causes 

While genetics play a major role in ADHD, they’re not the only factor. A growing body of research suggests that ADHD causes are multifaceted, involving a mix of genetic variation and environmental influences. In fact, many people develop ADHD traits due to external factors that shape brain development and behavior over time.

Here are some common ADHD causes—beyond genetics—to keep in mind:

1. Pregnancy complications

Complications during pregnancy and delivery may increase a person’s ADHD susceptibility later in life. One study found that preterm birth, high birth weight, neonatal diseases, and exposure to toxins such as alcohol and lead can all contribute to increased ADHD risk.

2. Upbringing and early trauma

A person’s early environment—particularly their upbringing—can significantly impact the development of ADHD traits. Children who experience adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), such as abuse, neglect, or family dysfunction, are more likely to display symptoms associated with ADHD. These early life stressors may affect emotional regulation, attention, and impulse control.

3. Neurological differences

Brain imaging studies suggest that people with ADHD often have differences in certain brain structures and neurotransmitter activity. These neurological factors are often influenced by both genetic variation and environmental stressors.

ADHD treatment options 

Unmanaged ADHD can impact your performance at work or school, relationships, and general daily functioning. It can even make everyday tasks, like making your lunch or completing an assignment, feel more difficult. If you or someone in your life is struggling with symptoms of ADHD, it’s important to meet with a healthcare professional such as a mental health provider or primary care doctor.

During a comprehensive psychiatric evaluation, you’ll review your symptoms, health history, and any relevant information regarding your education, home environment, and upbringing. Your provider will also ask about your family health history, such as any family members with ADHD, anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and learning disorders.

There are actually three types of ADHD — inattentive type, hyperactive-impulsive type, and combined type. Your treatment approach may differ based on the specific type and intensity of your symptoms. Generally, ADHD is effectively managed through a blend of talk therapy, medication, and adjustments to lifestyle.

1. Talk therapy

Talk therapy, also known as psychotherapy, can help people improve their executive functioning skills, manage their emotions, and increase confidence and self-esteem. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is considered to be one of the most effective treatments for ADHD. With the support of your therapist, you can learn to identify and replace negative thoughts and behaviors that contribute to difficulties with focus and attention. People with ADHD may also benefit from other therapeutic approaches, such as art therapy, behavioral therapy, and psychoeducation. 

2. Medication 

ADHD medication is another way to manage symptoms and improve daily functioning. Once you have an ADHD diagnosis, your provider can work with you to find the medication for your needs. The most common medications prescribed for ADHD include stimulants and nonstimulants. Your provider may also suggest medication for co-occurring mental health conditions, such as anxiety, depression, or bipolar disorder. When treating ADHD with medication, be sure to take your medication on a regular basis, remember to refill your prescription, and monitor for side effects. 

3. Lifestyle changes

Although there’s a genetic basis to ADHD, focusing on fitness, food, and sleep habits can have a significant impact on your symptoms. Here are a few tips:

• Aim for one hour of moderate to vigorous exercise per day. This can be anything that feels fun and manageable, though activities that challenge both the body and brain, like dance or gymnastics, are particularly beneficial.
• Make an effort to consume more nutrients that support brain health, such as omega-3 fatty acids, zinc, iron, and Vitamin D.
• For optimal sleep hygiene, consider creating a regular sleep routine and avoiding screens before bed. 

Manage your family’s ADHD with Charlie Health

Having a genetic predisposition to ADHD may increase your risk of developing the condition, but that doesn’t have to define you. If you or someone in your family are showing signs of ADHD, Charlie Health can help you find the right resources and support to manage symptoms and improve your quality of life. 
Charlie Health’s virtual Intensive Outpatient Program (IOP) offers more than once weekly support to people dealing with complex mental health needs, including ADHD. Our expert clinicians incorporate evidence-based therapies into individual counseling, family therapy, and group sessions to help you and your family feel your best. Fill out the form below or give us a call to start healing today.